How HAMR Drives Increase Areal Density

HAMR drives let manufacturers ramp up areal density, helping HDDs maintain their cost advantage over SSDs. If the price is right, HAMR will secure a place for HDD in hyperscale data centers for a long time to come.

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With digital transformation driving data growth, the zettabytes are set to soar over the coming decade. Meanwhile, generative AI models are only made possible by the massive datasets on which they train. All of this data takes up a lot of digital storage space, which presents a challenge when the global datasphere already far outstrips the global installed base of storage capacity.

But change is afoot: the long-heralded HAMR drives are now in the global channel. HAMR (Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording) increases the areal density of hard drive platters by applying short bursts of heat during the write process. This technique helps HDD manufacturers hit new capacity milestones.

However, the future of spinning media depends not just on an increase in density, but on a continued decrease in $/TB. If manufacturers can ramp up production while keeping prices down, hyperscalers will continue to have a strong reason to prefer HDD over flash for storing data at scale.

Magnetic Recording In A Nutshell

Hard drives contain one or more (in high-cap drives, a lot more) disks. These disks are made of material (such as aluminum, glass, or ceramic) which is coated with a magnetic medium. Digital information is represented via the polarity of magnetized bits on this media.

During the write process, the write head applies a magnetic current to flip the bit in the appropriate direction, either up or down, representing 0s and 1s. Since the direction of a bit’s magnetic polarization is perpendicular to the plane of the disk, this is called “Perpendicular Magnetic Recording” (PMR), or “Conventional Magnetic Recording” (CMR).

Think of a bit in a hard drive as a little light switch. For readability, you want the light switch to be pointing directly up or down, rather than at some ambiguous angle. At the same time, you want the switch to be easy enough to flip that you can set its direction, but hard enough to flip that it stays in the position you choose.

This leads to what researchers at the University of York call the “quadrilemma of magnetic recording.” To write on magnetic media, qualities to look for include:

• Sharpness of polarization: For readability, our “light switch” must be up or down, and not at an angle.
• Stability: We want the light switch to stay in the position we set it.
• Writability: You need to be able to toggle the switch on and off to write data.
• Density: If you want to store a lot of data in a small space, you’ll need a lot of tiny light switches.

A term from physics will help here. Anisotropy, also called “magnetic hardness”, is the property in which a material tends to keep its polarization. This is important, since you want bits to retain the same magnetic state for a long time, ideally longer than ten years. Anisotropic materials are more thermally stable, but more difficult to write on, hence the tradeoff.

The Density Challenge

While the basic setup of PMR is simple, the devil is in the details. HDD designs strive to balance reliability, speed, and cost. All else being equal, drives with more densely packed bits will give greater $/TB savings.

And when it comes to savings, stakes are high. At the moment, some companies are shifting to high-cap QLC SSDs to compensate for a shortage of nearline HDD. It’s existential: to keep QLC from eating into its slice of the storage pie in the long-term, HDD drives must be as dense and as cheap as possible.

Here’s the problem. The up-down polarization of magnetic grains are less stable at ordinary temperatures when they’re densely packed. This means that you want a more anisotropic material to ensure the magnetic state is stable. However, this stability makes bits more difficult to write upon: our light switch is so “sticky” that it’s hard to toggle on and off. In this analogy, the strength of our finger is analogous to the strength of the magnetic field emitted by the write head. This can only be so strong (around 2 tesla, max).

This challenge has consequences: after 2015 or so, growth in the areal density of conventional drives had stalled, hovering a bit over 1.1 tbpsi (TB per square inch) through 2022.

One way to increase drive capacity is by simply squeezing more platters into each drive (the current record is 11, though Toshiba is tinkering with 12 platters), but this increases the bill of materials. Another workaround is shingled magnetic recording (SMR), in which tracks are overlapped like shingles on a roof.

Manufacturers also use various forms of energy assisted magnetic recording (EAMR). Toshiba deploys an EAMR variant called flux–controlled MAMR, which applies microwaves alongside the magnetic field during the write process, effectively putting more oomph behind the flipping of a bit’s polarity. While this has the compatibility advantage of using the same recording media as PMR drives, Toshiba has historically lagged behind Seagate and Western Digital where capacity is concerned.

HAMR Drives Bring The Heat

Clearly, a new technique was needed in order to increase areal density. Enter heat-assisted magnetic recording, or HAMR.

HAMR has been a long time coming. The idea has been floating around since the mid-20th century. Seagate has been working on HAMR drives since the 90s, and by the mid-00s, it was mainstream enough to feature in a special issue of the IEEE Proceedings.

To recap: if you want densely packed bits, you need a strongly anisotropic material to ensure thermal stability. But this very stability makes the magnetic material difficult to write upon. Heat can reduce anisotropy, making writing easier, but at the loss of stability.

The solution: use a laser to heat a single magnetic grain near 450°C. Crucially, this heat is applied only during the write process. The heating and cooling is near instantaneous, taking only a nanosecond. Returning to our metaphor, it’s as if we made our light switch looser, but only when we’re in the act of flipping it.

Does it work? With HAMR, Seagate has already achieved over 3.6TB per platter with HAMR. In the lab, the firm has achieved 5TB and it is working towards 10TB platters.

Engineering Challenges

Of course, HAMR drives aren’t without their challenges. Some of these challenges are the same as for normal drives. For instance, you need HAMR drives to match the current 2.5in and 3.5in form factors. You also want the read process to be reliable in order to avoid data corruption, which becomes more difficult as density increases.

Thermal noise is equally a challenge for HAMR drives. When you apply a high temperature to a magnetic bit, you want to ensure that the heat doesn’t destabilize the state of nearby bits. This requires a lot of finessing, limiting the heat applied by the laser to a defined area, and for only a short burst.

Finally, there’s a more mundane challenge: gunk. Contaminants, known as “smear”, can build up near the write head’s field transducer. Lasers exacerbate this problem, since they can actually trap microscopic particles (deliberately applied, this same effect is used to make “optical tweezers”, which allows one to apply precise forces to small particles). Potential fixes include minute adjustments in the write-head distance and tweaking the design of the field transducer.

Bringing Down Costs

Price is everything. Increased areal density is of limited use for business if it costs an arm and a leg. After all, if HAMR drives prove too expensive, why not just turn to QLC flash instead?

What determines the price of HAMR drives? Obviously, HAMR drives include new components, such as the lasers (though these might not add much to cost). HAMR drives also require special recording media, since you want highly anisotropic material.

However, there are a few extra things to keep in mind. Some of the extra cost is the necessary research, which has been expensive and long-running. While we don’t know just what HAMR drives cost to manufacture, Seagate has clearly determined that it’s worth the capex, and that firm is no newcomer to the space.

Analyst Tom Coughlin, at least, is bullish on the pricing situation. He calculates that HAMR prices are currently around $11.5/TB, but that this will reduce to $4/TB by 2029.

Scaling with Capacity

What matters here is not just the bill of materials, but how that bill of materials scales with capacity. Even if production costs are high early on, these costs may eventually become worth it as areal density soars and $/TB declines.

Seagate, for one, is optimistic. It points out that it’s easier to increase the density of HAMR drives, as you no longer need to stick in extra platters. The reduced bill of materials may also allow for cheaper production of lower capacity drives. A 5-platter 20TB HAMR drive will have a cheaper bill of materials, for example, than a 10-platter 20TB PMR drive.

It’s an open question how much of these savings will reach the customer, though. “It’s not that we need to give all that cost to customers. We give a little bit of that cost benefit to customers and the rest of the benefit should stay with Seagate,” company CFO Gianluca Romano explained in a 2023 conference.

The HAMR Drive Roadmaps

The potential of HAMR drives has led to big ambitions. Each of the Big Three HDD manufacturers has a different approach to incorporating HAMR into their capacity roadmaps.

Seagate

Seagate’s first HAMR drives, released in 2024 as part of its Mosaic 3+ HDD platform, were 30+TB. Since then, the firm has also put two standalone HAMR drives in the global channel: the Exos M 30TB, crafted with an eye towards AI and data-intensive applications, and the IronWolf Pro 30TB, a NAS drive.

Seagate began qualification in August 2025 for a 40TB drive, which will be used in the Mozaic 4+ platform. In a September 2025 interview, Seagate CFO Giancarlo Romano anticipated the drive would arrive soon, “probably next fiscal year”.

From there, Seagate plans on manufacturing 50TB drives and beyond. While there are no specific release dates for these higher capacity drives, CEO Dave Mosley says there will be a gap of 18-20 months between HAMR capacity increases, as opposed to 12-15 months for PMR. Seagate has also invested £100 million in its photonics plant in Northern Ireland, which makes the lasers in Seagate’s Mozaic HAMR drives.

Western Digital

While WD does not currently sell HAMR drives, the technology is still an integral part of the firm’s capacity roadmap. The firm anticipates 36-44TB HAMR drives by 2026, and high-volume shipments of HAMR in 2027. Initial models will be a 36TB CMR drive, a 40TB drive using SMR (shingled magnetic recording), and a 44TB UltraSMR drive. By 2030, the firm hopes to have 80TB CMR drives and 100TB UltraSMR drives.

While both Seagate and WD are taking the HAMR route, WD’s strategy is a different. Firstly, some of its HAMR drives will use SMR, which some analysts believe won’t increase capacity as much as when applied to ePMR drives. However, WD is helped by its use of 11 platters, and by its OptiNAND technology, a flash controller which stores metadata.

While 11-platter drives can increase the bill of materials, WD’s Chief Product and Engineering Officer Ahmed Shihab argued in an interview with Blocks & Files that this will allow drives to get to market faster. Given the current HDD shortages, reduced time to market is important. “I will not endure Seagate’s multi-year HAMR drive qualification saga,” insisted Shibab.

Toshiba

Toshiba is sticking with its flux-controlled MAMR for now. However, this will likely change, as the firm has achieved 10-disk 32TB HAMR drives making use of SMR. Toshiba plans to ship samples of its HAMR drives in 2025 to select customers.

If I Had A HAMR

Sure, HAMR tech faces some unknowns: the all-important pricing situation, the pace of capacity increase, and whether OEMs can ramp up production enough to meet surging demand. However, the future of HAMR drives is bright. HAMR is a novel solution to an old engineering puzzle: how to balance stability, writability, readability, and density in magnetic media. If manufacturers play their cards right and keep costs down, HDD will maintain a crucial role in the storage mix potentially for decades to come.

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